Installing Glue In Bolts - Monster Crux with Hilti V3 500 The Bolting Bible The Book of Installing Glue In's “If the hole isn’t clean, it can be really risky!” Welcome to our free course as our way of contributing to the bolting community. It's nice to understand what you are clipping and trusting with your life, even if you never plan on installing or removing bolts. Also, if someone is going to spend their time and money to bolt something, I assume, they probably want to do it as good as possible. Hopefully the Bolting Bible gives you the tools you need to do a great job. Get it? Our courses are A-Z content in blog format, glued together with an over arching blog we call a text book. A blog format is easy to read, easy to update, and easy to translate. Be sure to begin at the TEXTBOOK and at the end of each episode we'll point you to the next. If you have the right bolt and the right glue and the right stoke, you can still screw (or glue, get it?), this up and kill someone. You don’t have to be a nuclear physicist to install a glue in bolt, but you DO have to do the simple instructions or you can kill someone. Let’s emphasize the killing someone real quick. This isn’t about long term vs short term anchors here. We are talking about them coming out, AKA killing someone if they don’t get put in correctly. Another way to fail, that has less consequence, is by failing to actually install the bolts you set out to do. You spent weeks reading the Bolting Bible, spent a bunch of money, used a good weather weekend, and you get there and find out the plunger is too big on your dispenser to push out the glue. Or that cheap caulk guns are too weak to push cold glue out. You could run out of battery before you finish drilling, or find out you left the extension tips to your mixing tips at home... so now you can’t put the glue in the back of the hole, after you cut open your tube! Nope, none of these have ever happened to me… nope… not me! Taking preparation and installation seriously can make you a bad-ass, otherwise you might just be a dumb-ass! TOOL LIST ● Bolts, duh! The softer the rock, the longer you want your bolt. ● Glue cartridge + Dispenser ...OR Capsules ○ Spare mixing tips and extension tips ○ NOTE: 10oz fills roughly 10 ½” holes but if you have to change out mixing tips often, you lose quite a bit each time you change one. ● Knife ● Drill, and correct size bit, plus spare bits ● Safety goggles ● Face mask - rock dust isn’t good for you. ● Ear plugs if drilling a lot ● Pipe cleaner and blow pump (for really clean holes!) ● Rubber gloves and paper towels! It can get messy. ● Tape for a perimeter around notch so it doesn’t ooze everywhere AND for making a depth marker on your drill bit. ● Cotton swabs for detailing in case it oozes out a lot ● Bag for garbage ● Bag for testing mixture (see “Filling Hole” below) ● Plastic or covered Hammer (For bolts with a tight fit) ● Rubber hammer for tight fitting glue in bolts ● Heart full of stoke and a car full of friends! ● Bag to go on your harness for installs in the vertical world TRAINING and PREPARATION Please please don’t let your first glue in bolt be anywhere important. Do several in your backyard or your parents backyard or the backyard of someone you don’t like when they are out of town (kidding! Just kidding! Jeez). If you think that would be an eyesore, now you know how all the whiners feel that complain about over bolting. You can read this Glue In Section 100x, but you will always have kinks to work out, and kinky stuff should be done at home. Practice also helps you verify you have the right drill type, bit type, bit size, glue accessories, amount of glue, cleaning tools AND TECHNIQUE. Or... you can just wing it and go learn in a popular area, but just make sure you put your name on it so we know who to troll! Can you answer the following questions about what is in your bolt kit bag? 1. What are the min and max cure temperatures? a. What temperature will it be when I install these? b. Can the glue even be installed at the installation temperature? 2. What is the nozzle time? (how long can it sit in nozzle before you have to put a new one on) a. Do I have spare nozzles b. Do I have spare extension tips to get the glue in the back of the hole? 3. What is the working time so I don’t ruin the bond before it is cured? 4. Will this glue run out of a hole if I put it in horizontal or in an overhanging rock? 5. What is the cure time for low, medium and high temps? a. When do I plan on climbing or highlining on these bolts? 6. Did I charge my batteries for my drill? Do I have spare batteries? 7. How deep do I need to drill, and will I need a notch? 8. Do I have a way to keep things clean and tidy? 9. How many holes can I fill up with one tube? 10.Do I have the right bolt for my glue capsule (angled end for screw install and blunt end for hammer install!) 11.How am I going to put warnings on my bolt if it requires several hours to cure so no one uses them after I leave? 12.Does the fluid move in my glue capsules? 13.How long has my glue cartridge sat on my shelf? 14.Do I have the proper pipe cleaner and blower to get a really clean hole? DRILL HOLE All glue in bolts have an intended hole size. Solid leg bolts are going to slip right in and bolts made with continuous rods (without welds) might have to be pounded in. Wave bolts act like a piton and take a lot of pounding and the Titan bolt takes a mild tap as the neck gets tight at the top. If these holes were drilled too big, it wouldn’t be the end of the world, you just lose a nice feature that they have of not falling out and you would be wasting glue. Some glue ins require a notch so the bolt is inset a bit. To make a notch for a bolt you have 3 options. Drill a ½” deep hole about an inch or so away from hole and then tilt the drill bit 45 degrees towards the main hole. OR stick the drill bit inside the main hole and tilt it a lot and drill away from the hole. OR drill 3 straight down holes, ½” deep, next to your main hole. CAUTION: If the notch is too deep, you lose a lot of space in your eye, limiting what can be clipped to it. And if it is excessively deep, it could force the rope to sit on the rock creating abrasion. PLEASE: Make sure the direction the bolt is facing is the direction of the force. It is pretty easy to guess in climbing situations… straight down! But if you are building a highline 3 point anchor 2 feet from a cliff edge, what angle will those outside bolts be??? TIP: Use a smaller drill bit to notch. This way it barely fits and thus has a much smaller glue profile, assuming you use duct tape to minimize the ooze. CLEAN HOLE This is a huge fear when an experienced bolter hears a new bolter is stoked to go install glue ins. If the holes aren’t cleaned really really well, someone could very likely die. Really clean it! That requires a pipe cleaner AND a blow tool. A blow tube and your lungs aren’t enough, even if you are really good at blowing so get a dust blower like this pump, or Hilti's pump . A can of air also can do 20 to 30 holes and is light. A Battery Powered blower compatible with your drill battery can also be a gamer changer. A wire brush tube/pipe cleaner can be bought from anywhere. Regardless of how rough or porous the rock is, drilling a hole polishes the sides of the hole, so in order to get the glue to bond with the rock (which in case you don’t know, that is important, and if you don’t know that, please don’t put any of these in), the rock can’t have any dust film on the sides. Do a fun experiment at home, put super fine construction dust on your granite countertops at home, then try blowing them clean… blow hard… even with an air compressor you can’t get it truly clean. Same with the wire brush, you can’t JUST use the brush. Blow then brush, again and again and again until it is super clean. Always start with the blow. Update: Vynlester is more susceptible to coming out when the hole is not clean. After many tests with epoxy in BoltBusters, the bolt failed first or the bolt pulled out of the hole, leaving the glue in the hole. Glue does NOT stick to the metal, so much so that the twist bolts from BoltProducts will untwist out of the hole when pulling straight out (at insanely high forces) but the glue will stay in the hole. We got epoxy to fail but only with threaded rod shafts because the threaded rod holds the glue really well. It also took a super dirty holes and we pulled it straight out and at 10,000lbs or 44kn as you can see in this EPISODE. Another reason to use epoxy! BoltProduct’s test of a 10kn failure with a dirty hole compared to a 34kn failure with a clean hole was with polyester - the cheapest and weakest of glues. Regardless, STILL CLEAN YOUR HOLES for whatever glue you use but it’s nice to know we can be nicer to people who didn’t do it perfectly. If you don't have the brush or tube to clean it really well and you are mid-install here is a tip: Fill the hole 1/3rd the way up with glue, stick the bolt in it and more or less f*** the hole aggressively. You can mix the glue with the dust and work the glue onto the sides of the hole so there is solid contact. Pull out the bolt, fill it up to the proper amount and put the well covered shaft back in the hole and you have super good enough contact with both the rock and the bolt. TEST AND CHECK Dry fit the bolts, if possible, to make sure it will work. If you are putting a wave bolt into a ½” hole then you can’t do this but you can verify with a stick or the tube cleaner that the depth is perfect (too deep is better than too shallow). The biggest crux is to make sure your notch isn’t too deep or restricting the bolt from being the angle you want. Get all your stuff laid out and ready, cus when you start gluing, the working time clock is ticking. Know your working time, because if you are using Powers AC100+, and it is hot out, AND it takes you more than 1 minute to get to the next bolt, or even spend more than 30 seconds hammering in a wave bolt… you will need a lot of mixing nozzles and therefore won’t be able to fill as many holes as you think with each tube of glue. For climbing, drill and clean on your way up a route, then glue and install on your way down the rope as this will have shorter transition times. See that in this EPISODE. HowNOT2 SWAG Believe it or not, bolting companies are not lining up to sponsor us; mostly because there is no money in such a niche industry. $1 per episode helps a ton and so does grabbing MERCH if something grabs your eye. Lots of designs and options. INSERT GLUE CARTRIDGE: If you’re 100% ready to start, cut your glue cartridge open, squeeze just a bit without the nozzle to see that both colors are coming out, then install the mixing nozzle. But… before you start shoving your tip inside of holes, make sure what’s “coming” out is safe! You can’t just put the first squeeze into the hole. This is one of the main reasons you will want paper towels. Squeeze a COUPLE times to make sure it is mixed properly, which you can generally tell by the color. THEN grab a ziplock bag and squeeze a quarter size amount into the corner. Only after all that… start putting it in the hole. This ziplock bag is so you can check later to make sure your first squeeze of glue hardened. Jim Titt from Bolt-products.com said in a Mountain Project thread “over a period of 7 years the DAV recorded 17 failed resin bolts… one climber died.” VERY IMPORTANT… Start in the back of the hole and work your way out. Don’t fill it up to the very top because the bolt will push out the amount of space it replaces. Somewhere around ¾ full is good. When you are done, squeeze some into the other corner of the bag and take it home as a souvenir… also to check your first and last squeeze to make sure both get rock hard. If they don’t, it didn’t mix right! Battery powered dispensers can help mix the glue more evenly and just be easier than a manual dispenser but they definitely cost more. How much glue do you need? You can get almost 20 bolts out of a 10oz AC glue cartridge if they are ⅜” (10mm) and short. I was barely able to do 8 when I used Hilti 500 v3 glue on long Crux Monsters. HAMMER CAPSULES: Spin the capsule around a couple times to make sure all the resin is in liquid form because if it isn’t it won’t mix correctly. You are literally shoving harder around it so it has to be liquid. Insert with the hardener facing up. If you think of it like a cigarette, then what looks like the filter, is closest to the top of the hole. That is the hardener and if it isn’t at the top you aren’t going to be mixing anything. The capsules are glass and you are smashing a bolt through it, so wear safety goggles. Your bolt has to have a flat/blunt end. A tapered end won’t push the hardener down into the resin. Make sure you have the right size capsule because if it is a ½” capsule in a ⅝” hole, then it will be leaning to one side not mixing things evenly, and you probably won’t have enough glue to fill up your hole! SPIN INSTALL CAPSULES: Spin the capsule around a couple times to make sure all the resin is in liquid form because it if isn’t, it won’t mix correctly. These spin installs have a glass container inside of another glass container. One has resin (the amber liquid) and the other has hardener. There are sand chunks in these so it scores sides of the hole and helps mix the glue. These capsules (at least from Petzl) require that they stick out of the hole by 10mm so you can break the glass with the hammer, then insert the bolt. These bolts must be angled on the bottom in order to mix these correctly which is different from the hammer capsules. Now to do this properly, the spinning requires mechanical spinning, and there are special adapters for your drill that you can attach the bolt and spin it. Petzl system is to manually spin the bolts in their instructional videos, but I don’t believe that is how they should be used. They say to spin the bolt 10x. That doesn’t mean 10 turns with your hand, that means 10 full rotations which is more like 20 times with your hand. If you use this system, spin them like your life depends on them. This system obviously doesn’t work for wave bolts because they can’t be spun as they fit tightly in the hole. INSERT BOLTS If using a threaded rod, squirt a bead of glue along the threads before putting it in. For the bolts that don’t require hammers to install, like Bolt-Product solid legs, Petzl and Fixe bell shape or PLX, you will want to slowly push them in and TWIST them while you do it. Fixe bolts have a weld, and you want that weld facing away from force, even if it is buried under the glue. You don’t want air pockets around notches or threads. If you hear air bubbles gurgling as you push in bolt then you don’t have glue in the back of your hole!!! No bolt queefing! Pull out the bolt and make sure the hole is super full of glue. If you are using Wave bolts, Titans or Twist bolts, then you need a hammer, but you don’t want to hit a stainless steel or titanium bolt with a non stainless or non titanium hammer. Since that would be one expensive, fancy hammer, you can use the wave installation tool that is made from stainless and it puts the force on the right parts of the bolt, OR use a rubber mallet, or plastic hammer, or just put a rag between the two metals. The point is, your hammer will transfer iron onto your fancy expensive bolts and those iron particles will start rusting making your fancy bolt look like it is corroding (see picture with rust on wave bolt from this MP Thread). This is the same reason you don’t want to grind threaded rod to the length you want if the cut end is exposed to the elements. Yes, we clip non-stainless carabiners, shackles and unfortunately most quicklinks, but they are not striking the bolt enough to transfer non-stainless to bolt. Keep in mind, the Wave bolt will twist as you hammer it, requiring you to hit it sideways to orientate it correctly, not sure if that is good for the bolt or the glue but people do it. One option is to drill the hole bigger for the Wave Bolt, you will lose the tight fit, but you don’t need that unless you’re installing it in an overhang. Orientation P shaped bolts are intended to be installed with the P facing down - towards the direction of pull. If you install it facing up like in this photo, it isn't as strong and enough whippers could start to bend it backwards. Also notice how messy this glue job is. The gray color matches the rock well at least. We pulled some backwards monster crux bolts (a welded P, not a continuous rod) and it bent back at 20kN and broke at 21kN where as installed proper it broke at 50+kN. P bolts are stronger when the P sits on the rock to stabilize it from bending. FINISHING TOUCHES If you put a perimeter of tape around a notched hole, then after gluing you can just pull the tape up and it will be a nice rectangle of glue, otherwise you risk it getting everywhere, and if the glue is red, that can look really bad. Cotton swabs are convenient for cosmetically making the glue look nice. Be sure to clean off the glue that got all over the eye of the bolt if it squished up too high. Have a lot of cotton swabs handy and a bag to put them in. Saving some of your rock dust may help because you can possibly hide the glue color by sprinkling the dust on top. No, a little dust ON TOP of your glue won’t kill anyone and will make it look nicer. Use dust and not rock crystals on your glue so there is less risk of abrasion on the rope anchor. All this cleaning is a lot easier with rubber gloves. If it is an epoxy that takes many hours or days to dry, label it with a date preferably so people don’t use it before it has safely cured. Troubleshooting 1. Why doesn’t my glue come out the right color??? A. Well, that’s probably because both parts aren’t coming out! Single cartridges may not be evenly dispensing like the image below, or one of your dual cartridges have ruptured like the image with the messy Hilti gun. Get a new cartridge and start over. 2. Ah shucks, I drilled the notch too deep and now the eye is recessed too much, how do I fix it??? A. Just put a piece of gravel, small pebble or something non dusty in the bottom of the hole or in the notch, if it will stay, to prop up the bolt until it cures into the position it will be forever. 3. I just heard my bolt hole fart. Does it have enough glue? A. If air comes out as you put in the bolt, it does NOT have sufficient glue! 4. I hammered in my glue in and it won’t go all the way in A. Wave bolts can feel so tight that it is hard to get them all the way in. Lightly wallow out the hole so it isn’t so tight, it does NOT need to be tight to work. B. The other possibility is you didn’t drill the hole deep enough. Take bolt out and redo it. It will be a royal mess! 5. My bolt is on a steep rock and keeps slowly sliding out! A. Tape it to the rock or worse case wedge a tiny pebble or stick between the rock and the bolt shaft to hold it in place, but be sure your wedge is below the surface of the glue so it doesn’t look sketchy later. How NOT to Bolt I couldn’t believe how many “How to” videos had mistakes in them. What a shock that youtube videos are not 100% factual!!! Here is a list of instructional videos we found online and some feedback on their technique. 1. This video is actually pretty good. They properly install a spin type capsule. If I am going to overly picky, he doesn’t blow his hole out after brushing it and he left too much glue sticking out, so his plate didn’t sit flush. What is interesting about this video is that it shows that this is how spin capsules are supposed to be installed, whereas climbers don’t do this. 2. This video is another good one, but he doesn’t wear safety goggles. And I’m not just getting on a high horse here as I’ve been hit in the eye before! And it blows dust into his face. I like the fact he uses a proper blow tool. He doesn’t bury the eye which is one of the few instructions Fixe does require! I like that he mentions the hammer leaves iron deposits, so he uses a rubber mallet. I don’t like the fact this is only manually spun to mix the glue, and I’m not excited he keeps pulling it in and out. Is that glue surrounding the shaft entirely or is he getting air pockets doing that? 3. This video here is ok. He only vacuums out the holes which does almost nothing for the dust on the sides of the hole and doesn’t brush them, which for the polyester glue he is using, reduces the strength he could get by half. 4. This video is the same as number 3, but uses a cartridge instead of capsule. He vacuums his hole again and doesn’t brush it, and he should put a little glue on the threaded rod before inserting it into hole. You don’t want any air pockets around your threads, he definitely has some air pockets on his. 5. This video is pretty good but doesn’t use a wire pipe brush and just hoses out the hole, which is technically fine for epoxy. He also makes a mess which is ok for what he is doing, but not if he did it on rock. 6. This video here is the winner! HOW NOT TO BOLT!!! By Hilti themselves! Installs glue in a dirty hole. He seriously pushes the dust out as he fills the hole with glue!!! The video doesn’t explicitly say it is the SafeSet Technology which is the only exception. That Hilti system can be used without cleaning the hole. This requires a special bolt shaped in a special way and made with a materials that won’t allow the glue to stick to bolt, so when it trys to come out, the HIT-Z bolt flanges on bottom expand the glue like a wedge bolt does to the clip. These bolts are only zinc plated, and no one uses these for climbing applications. The system also requires the HIT-HY 200 glue and not just any epoxy. This video should specify that it is only that unique system. 7. This video is by the Access Fund and they did a great video but it has some flaws. He talks about a clean hole, but only cleans it one time. It should be 3x or 4x. He talks about pumping the first squeezes out to make sure the color looks right so the mix is right, but doesn’t do it on camera. He talks about not hitting it directly with a hammer, then does it at the end to twist it into position. 8. A GOOD EXAMPLE… OK, I lied, there was one video by Powers that gets a pat on the back. They clean the shit out of the hole and they pre-squeeze a lot of glue out before putting it in the hole. Look at how much dust comes out on their second phase of blowing it out! And look at the color change as they squeeze out the initial glue. Great example! 9. Another Good Example… Climbtech put out a good video in a real life climbing situation. They had fancy tools for hanging situations. They were able to reuse the hole from a bolt they removed, and the wave bolt fit in nicely. It wasn’t super tight, but tight enough to hold, which is perfect. 10. Another good example - teamBMC youtube channel had a good video on how to check glue in bolts. 11. Another good example - Derek Bristol has a channel on caving and made a good video about installing glue ins. He also has a good video on Fixe Triplex Removables. 12. David Keller made a video for us for his project. He did very good on the details. He regrets using such sharp pebbles to hide the glue and would just use dust next time. Backward P installs turned out not to be as strong in our testing because the weld right where it is leveraged. However, we are talking 20kn instead of 60kn so super good enough. 13.In this EPISODE, we installed bolts for the GGBY spacenet. We really struggled when we put some in the slightly overhanging wall for a hand line and the bolt wanted to slip out. It took a lot of duct tape to hold it in place. 10% Supports HowNOT2 Climbing, Caving and Canyon Gear & Over 30 Bolting Products HowNOT2 Contribute If you see a typo, or see a resource online we haven't linked to, or have something to share, we'd love to add it. If you are contributing a video, image, or words, please be kind by delivering something ready to add and tell us where you think it best fits. ryan@slackline.com What's Next? This course is free but not free to make. If it really helped you, please consider SUPPORTING US.

Climbing bolts are only as good as the ROCKS you put them in The Bolting Bible The Book of Rock “The harder it is, the better it is for your hole.” Welcome to our free course as our way of contributing to the bolting community. It's nice to understand what you are clipping and trusting with your life, even if you never plan on installing or removing bolts. Also, if someone is going to spend their time and money to bolt something, I assume, they probably want to do it as good as possible. Hopefully the Bolting Bible gives you the tools you need to do a great job. Get it? Our courses are A-Z content in blog format, glued together with an over arching blog we call a text book. A blog format is easy to read, easy to update, and easy to translate. Be sure to begin at the TEXTBOOK and at the end of each episode we'll point you to the next. Bolts are only as good as the rock you put them in. Some rock is soft and some rock has more layers than onions. The rock, not the bolt is holding your life, the bolt is just hanging onto the rock. So let’s learn the basics to have a “rock solid” foundation! General Rock Biology It is important to understand the KIND of rock you are working with so you know what bolt will be the safest to use. To keep it simple, we will divide rocks into 3 categories. Hard rock, soft rock and layered rock. Rocks are made up of minerals. Minerals are what make, or break, the rocks’ strength. What you need to know about minerals are their hardness and their resistance to weathering. Quartz, a common sand grain in sandstone, and a common crystal in granite, is incredibly hard and resistant to weathering. Feldspar, like quartz, is incredibly hard, but weathers easily and turns into clay. Clay minerals are soft, and also weather easily into other soft clay minerals. Hard Rock (not the cafe) Hard Rock would be any rock that is, wait for it, incredibly hard, typically unweathered granite and quartzite sandstone. Granite is the result of magma having cooled very slowly underground (plutonic rock) allowing the quartz and feldspar crystals (among other minerals not nearly as important) to grow big and tightly against each other, leaving no spaces. Yosemite granite is smooth from glaciers polishing them and Joshua Tree granite is rough because it sees very little water to erode it. But both formed and cooled underground and therefore are very strong. And both haven’t seen the excessive chemical weathering (think acid rain and/or seawater) to have turned the hard feldspar to soft clay. Quartzite Sandstone is quartz-rich sand, cemented together with quartz cement. So the whole rock is nearly 100% quartz. Quartzites are the typical ridge-formers of sedimentary basins, like the Sandstones at New River Gorge, WV. Bolts in hard rocks can be installed closer to an edge (within a foot or two). Strength of hard rocks is above 14,500 psi and goes up to 30k and even 50k psi for some. MECHANICAL BOLTS - Granite or other hard rock is perfect for all kinds of mechanical bolts, just be sure they are stainless steel. GLUE IN BOLTS - These work just fine in hard rock but there are 2 schools of thought. Glue ins can be frowned upon in granite as it can be considered overkill and replacing them can possibly be more difficult than mechanical bolts. The reason some people choose to use glue ins with fixed eyes is because there are no threads to get screwed up, no one can steal hangers, and the fixed eye allows highliners to thread static rope through rather than needing quick links. Glue ins typically have less visual impact than a standard climbing hanger. HowNOT2 SWAG Believe it or not, bolting companies are not lining up to sponsor us; mostly because there is no money in such a niche industry. $1 per episode helps a ton and so does grabbing MERCH if something grabs your eye. Lots of designs and options. Soft Rock Soft Rock can be sedimentary or magma based. These are typically non-quartzite sandstones (where the sand-grains, or the cement, or both, are not quartz-rich, and thus prone to weathering and weakening), limestone (calcium carbonate), volcanic rocks, and excessively weathered granites. Just like tall tales, porous rocks with a lot of holes don’t usually hold up! Sandstone is literally compressed sand, glued together with chemically precipitated cement. The cement and sand grains are made of various minerals, each with different hardness and resistance to weathering. When either the sand or the cement is not quartz, the sandstone tends to be much softer, because the grains/cement may have weathered to clay (or weathered out altogether, leaving pores). To “scientifically” test a rock’s hardness out in the field, hit it with a hammer! If the rock sparks, it's hard rock. If the rock breaks, it’s soft! You are looking for a solid sound and not a hollow thud. Limestone is calcium carbonate (mineral name: calcite), often from dead marine life, squeezed together to make rock. Calcite is moderately strong, but it weathers into CO2 and water (i.e. nothing) when it reacts with acid rain. Think sinkholes and caves. So its structure tends has a lot of microscopic holes in it which makes it weaker. Volcanic rock is from lava, so it cooled rapidly on the surface, not allowing the crystals to grow big and interlock. Also, lava tends to have lots of gasses dissolved in it, so as it cools it tends to be porous from the gas bubbles getting trapped. Small crystals and pores make volcanic rocks weaker than a slow cooling (unweathered) granite. Rhyolites and basalts, and volcanic ash “Tuffs” are typical volcanic rock names. We tested bolts in terrible volcanic rock in this EPISODE Bolts installed in soft rock need to be placed further back from edges in the most solid part you can find. It’s also quite unsafe to put pressure on bolts installed in soft rock when they get wet, like after a rainstorm. Cyclic loading mechanical bolts in sandstone compromises placement integrity. In Moab, Utah, it’s highly recommended to let the rock dry out thoroughly before highlining on those bolts. In Zion National Park, you are not supposed to climb on that soft sandstone for 2 days or it will compromise the rock and gear placements. Soft rock strength (dry) can be as low as 500 PSI and up to 7,000 PSI. ○ MECHANICAL BOLTS - The softer the rock, the less force these will hold. Wedge bolts are not recommended because the engagement contact point is quite small which can compromise the placement in soft rock. Some sleeve bolts are ok because there is more contact area (like 5 piece Power bolts - STAINLESS). ○ GLUE IN BOLTS - This is where glue shines. Glue gets into all the rock pores therefore can pull on the entire rock surrounding the bolt stud rather than all the pressure being placed on a few millimeters of the sides of the hole with mechanical bolts. NOTE: Rocks fall (get it?) all over the hardness chart - and this is because of their varying mineralogy. It’s good to know the area you plan on drilling so you can install the safest bolt possible. Some sandstones can be very very hard like New River Gorge, WV (quartzite) and some granites can crumble in your hand like the kind at Cabo San Lucas baja tip (feldspar, aka “Arkose”, now weathered to clay-rich granite). Layered Rock Layered Rock is rock that has well-developed horizontal partings. In sedimentary rocks, these partings are bedding planes, where sedimentation stopped, and then restarted again. Sandstones, shales, and limestones can all be layered. In igneous rocks, especially granite, horizontal partings can occur that are called “exfoliation fractures”. These occur when igneous rocks are exposed at the surface and the pressure (of having been buried for millions of years) is released. The rock expands, and cracks like an onion. Metamorphic rocks (slates in particular) tend to be layered as well, due to the shearing forces typical with metamorphic processes. Shearing causes the rock to foliate (or makes all the minerals in a rock align with one another in a preferred plane), causing onion like flaking, or part along the shearing plane. Layered rocks can be tricky to bolt. The rock may be hard but comes with crack, and anybody on enough crack isn’t going to be reliable! An example of this is the Dinorwic Slate Quarry in Llanberis, Wales. (David Thexton) Another example of this is the limestone in Ontario as the limestone has been compromised by vegetation from the roots cracking it. MECHANICAL BOLTS - can promote more cracking and are NOT recommended GLUE IN BOLTS - Glue can grab the whole sandwich of rock layers giving better holding power. Rock Inspection SOLID ROCK - Regardless of what rock you are drilling into, make sure it is a solid piece! Hit it with a rock density detector… aka… a hammer. You can hear the difference of solid rock with a high pitched ping rather than a dull thud on hollow rock. You can also put your hand close to the spot and if you can feel the vibrations, the rock is NOT solid. BIG ROCK - Be sure you are not just on some large flake or suitcase sized rock. Check to see if the rock is thoroughly attached to all the other rock around it and not just a boulder sitting in the dirt. Sometimes even car-sized rocks are just barely attached to a rock face. Your bolt might hold but the rock might not! Think about the big picture of how that rock is attached to the earth. Nothing is Forever This is VERY interesting. This is Portland climbing area in the UK and posted by Dorset Bolt Fund who maintains this area. The bolts are installed correctly but the rock is eroding away! You can still see the glue surrounding the bolts. Climbing areas always need some sort of maintenance but this rock is like a melting ice cube. If you use an area often, find out if there is an organization that maintains those bolts and help them out with time or money. 10% Supports HowNOT2 Climbing, Caving and Canyon Gear & Over 30 Bolting Products HowNOT2 Contribute If you see a typo, or see a resource online we haven't linked to, or have something to share, we'd love to add it. If you are contributing a video, image, or words, please be kind by delivering something ready to add and tell us where you think it best fits. ryan@slackline.com What's Next? This course is free but not free to make. If it really helped you, please consider SUPPORTING US.

When and Where Should We Bolt The Bolting Bible The Book of Bolting Ethics “Thou shall not penetrate virgin rock without feeling guilty.” Welcome to our free course as our way of contributing to the bolting community. It's nice to understand what you are clipping and trusting with your life, even if you never plan on installing or removing bolts. Also, if someone is going to spend their time and money to bolt something, I assume, they probably want to do it as good as possible. Hopefully the Bolting Bible gives you the tools you need to do a great job. Get it? Our courses are A-Z content in blog format, glued together with an over arching blog we call a text book. A blog format is easy to read, easy to update, and easy to translate. Be sure to begin at the TEXTBOOK and at the end of each episode we'll point you to the next. Since this is called the Bolting Bible, let's start with the ethics of bolting. Should we bolt just anything we want? Is installing just whatever bolts we have super good enough? Bolting for climbing and highlining can create access issues in areas that we share with other people. So let’s dive into if and how we should be placing bolts to make our vertical sports bomber for everyone. Ethics In the beginning, bolt ethics have been in heaven and on earth. No, seriously though, ethics just take into account how it affects everyone, not just rope monkeys. Laws regarding bolting do not always address the current situation, but that doesn’t mean it’s ok to do whatever we want. A bolt is a permanent human object out in beautiful nature. Think twice, or 3x before placing a bolt. Here are some examples of areas that it that may be legal(ish) to bolt but highly frowned upon: National Parks in USA All natural climbing crags Wilderness areas Single use highlines that won’t be rigged often or climbs that won’t be repeated High traffic pedestrian areas (ie lookouts or next to popular trails) Rules Learn the rules for an area before bolting! Rules are only created because of problems in the past. Bolting is such a permanent change to the rock that we need to respect the rules. Power drills cannot be used in National Parks, everything must be hand drilled, and this is to prevent over bolting (and it does because hand drilling sucks!). Wilderness areas in Joshua Tree and Arches National Parks are the specific areas drills are not allowed, but need a permit. Also, different countries have different rules. Know an area well before putting in a metal version of graffiti. Many bolters get the same dopamine response as graffiti artists after seeing something in public that they created. The feeling will be there, that is fine, just make sure you are not installing bolts just for that feeling and that it is helpful and legal and ethical. The Area If you choose to bolt and it is ethically and legally ok to do so, then thank you for taking your time and money to do it. However, please choose the spot carefully!!! Does this location deserve a permanent anchor? Will this line or climb be repeated and is it a benefit to the community? If bolts are required, Can you use removables instead (more applicable to highlining)? Is there a good spot for bolts to be placed? What is the quality of rock like? Can you strategically place bolts to minimize no fall zones? Can you strategically place bolts so they can’t be seen by those not using them? Can there be a hybrid of natural anchor/bolts? Maybe only one side of a highline needs bolts and the other doesn’t. Maybe part of the climbing route can be climbed with trad gear. If the highline anchor is directly above a climbing route, can the bolts be placed elsewhere to avoid conflict and confusion. Are there enough other routes and lines already at this location? Will this area benefit from another line or are you just doing it for your ego? HowNOT2 SWAG Believe it or not, bolting companies are not lining up to sponsor us; mostly because there is no money in such a niche industry. $1 per episode helps a ton and so does grabbing MERCH if something grabs your eye. Lots of designs and options. Culture Within climbing, highlining and caving, there is a community and culture for each one. Then specific areas have their own culture. Yosemite bolting culture (beyond rules and ethics) is very different from Moab culture. Yosemite has a lot of history and a lot of people sharing that space so it creates a “who are you to be bolting” environment where as Moab is cowboy central. Need another bolt for something? No problem! It’s not just about adding bolts, but replacing them. If the original installers of a bolt is still around, oftentimes they can get offended if you upgrade the bolts, even if they are corroding. Here is a culture clash case study when Lost Arrow Spire in Yosemite got rebolted. Get lost in the comments if you dare. The ownership and pride/ego that goes into bolting often serves as effective self regulation. For many areas (NOT ALL!), you don’t need a degree, license, permit, blue print, or anything to go change a beautiful area forever with a bolt that people you don’t know are going to trust their lives to... until… it gets replaced or someone dies. Its amazing things are as good and self regulated as they are and it has to do with the cultures that get built around it. Sometimes if a culture is too aggressive instead of educating, it can lead some to pirate bolt, or do whatever they want however they want with disregard to the “rules”. Today, many popular areas have actual bolting clubs or organizations, or just clear legal laws in place to better organize and structure what goes where. Be sure to understand your culture, of your area, for your sport before you go pounding holes in a rock. Let's keep this world looking as nice as possible, we don’t exactly have a Plan B. YOU YOU are the #1 risk of any bolt failing. It is a huge responsibility to install a bolt that other people will literally depend their lives on. It is practically impossible to inspect a bolt after it is installed so we just “hope” it was installed correctly when we show up to climb or rig a highline. Realize what kind of role you are playing and respect the responsibility, educate yourself and please please practice. This VIDEO shows bolts being pulled out with body weight after someone died using them in the area! Practice at home in concrete. If you practice on a rock, be sure it is in an area no one will ever see. Don’t make a major crag or highlining area your testing grounds. If your first thought was, “I don’t want an ugly hole at my house,” then you are well on your way to really understanding the issue some people have about bolts being in our beautiful shared public lands. Spend the money on a tube of glue to understand how it mixes and to make sure you have the right caulk gun. Install a glue in at home to understand how that shit gets everywhere. Pull it out before it cures and clean off the bolt with goof-off if you don’t want a bolt in your yard for the next 50 years. Spend the time hand drilling one bolt in your backyard to understand what is involved and how to make sure the hole stays straight. Install a mechanical bolt with a torque wrench at home and with a normal wrench so you know how tight to make it in the field if hiking in a torque wrench is not practical. Practice. Practice. Practice. Again... PRACTICE PRACTICE PRACTICE. So many people share with me about their bolting epics, and I asked if they practiced first…. NOPE! 95% of your problems you will encounter can be solved at home if you practice A-Z. Rigging Naturally Hey highliners! If possible, please rig naturally. This means rigging a highline without any use of bolts and “naturally” is a “leave-no-trace” method of highlining. Generally trad gear like cams, tri-cams, nuts, etc is used or trees and boulders are wrapped with ropes and spansets. I find that rigging a line “naturally” brings more satisfaction as it requires more creativity. Though it can be screwed up easier than just building an anchor on bolts, it generally should be built with enough redundancy that it is just as safe if done right. 10% Supports HowNOT2 Climbing, Caving and Canyon Gear & Over 30 Bolting Products HowNOT2 Contribute If you see a typo, or see a resource online we haven't linked to, or have something to share, we'd love to add it. If you are contributing a video, image, or words, please be kind by delivering something ready to add and tell us where you think it best fits. ryan@slackline.com What's Next? This course is free but not free to make. If it really helped you, please consider SUPPORTING US.